The National Academy of Sciences of Argentina main task is to promote and support Argentine scientific and technological policy.

National Academy of Sciences publishing activity supports National Scientific and Technical Research Council (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET).

Since its inception, the Academy has advocated for the development and outreach of exact and natural sciences, the exploration of the Argentine territory and has served as advisor to the National Government, provincial governments and other scientific institutions.

The academy also awards prizes, publishes a journal and keeps a library and organizes conferences and other events.

Many important scientists are or have been members of the Academy including: Charles Darwin, Benjamin Gould, Henri Milne-Edwards and, more recently, Argentine Nobel laureates Bernardo Houssay and Luis Leloir.