Following the Parkland high school shooting, the superintendent of the New York State Department of Financial Services (DFS) Maria T. Vullo advised banks and insurance companies in the state of New York not to provide services to the National Rifle Association of America (NRA), an organization that lobbies in support of gun rights in the United States.

Judge Denny Chin wrote that while government officials may not "use their regulatory powers to coerce individuals or entities into refraining from protected speech ... government officials have a right – indeed, a duty – to address issues of public concern.

"[2] The NRA appealed the Second Circuit's decision, and the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case on November 3, 2023.

Justice Sonia Sotomayor authored the Court's unanimous decision, favoring the NRA, stating that "Government officials cannot attempt to coerce private parties in order to punish or suppress views that the government disfavors.

"[5] The decision further held that government officials cross the line into impermissible coercion when they engage in conduct "that, viewed in context, could be reasonably understood to convey a threat of adverse government action in order to punish or suppress speech.