National identity

[5] Subjectively, it is a feeling one shares with a group of people about a nation, regardless of one's legal citizenship status.

Any deprivation or external modification of the cultural national identity violates basic collective human rights.

Constructivists believed in the importance of politics and the use of power by dominant groups to gain and maintain privileged status in society (Brubaker, 2009;[15] Spillman, 1997;[16] Wagner-Pacifici & Schwartz, 1991[17]).

Finally, the civic identity school focuses on shared values about rights and state institutions' legitimacy to govern.

People are involved in intergroup comparisons by identifying with one's nation and tend to derogate out-groups.

For example, in the U.S., by integrating diverse ethnic groups in the overarching identity of being an American, people are united by a shared emotion of national pride and the feeling of belonging to the U.S., and thus tend to mitigate ethnic conflicts.

[26] An example of this phenomenon is the rise in patriotism and national identity in the United States after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.

[29][self-published source] Sociologist Anthony Smith argues that national identity has the feature of continuity that can be transmitted and persisted through generations.

[21] However, national identities can disappear over time as more people live in foreign countries for a longer time[clarification needed], and can be challenged by supranational identities, which refers to identifying with a more inclusive, larger group that includes people from multiple nations.

A stereotype that affected their experience was related to politics during the 2016 United States presidential election of Donald Trump.

[31] A study found that students would disengage, distance, avoid, assimilate, or challenge their identity or host culture in response to the interactions they faced.

It is the mere awareness of the many shared attitudes and beliefs towards things like family, customs, societal and gender roles, etc.

In short, national consciousness can be defined as a specific core of attitudes that provide habitual modes for regarding life's phenomena.

[33] National identities in Europe and the Americas developed along with the idea of political sovereignty invested in the people of the state.

[5] Through socialization, a system of beliefs, values, assumptions, and expectations are transmitted to group members.

[35] Anderson thought that nations were delimited and also were: Limited: Because of the mental boundaries or concepts, we set about others are by culture, ethnicity, etc.

Sovereignty provides the organization needed for a nation while keeping it free of traditional religious pressures.

[37] Since large numbers of people from different backgrounds were coming together in cities, a shared identity had to be made among them.

One of the famous ethnonational conflicts is the struggle between the Australian government and aboriginal population in Australia.

It has fostered a more inclusive concept of national identity, which includes both people born in Canada and immigrants.

Immigrants were perceived negatively by the Russian people and were viewed as "unwelcome and abusive guests".

Immigrants were considered outsiders and were excluded from sharing the national identity of belonging to Russia.

[47] People around the world cross national borders more frequently to seek cultural exchange, education, business, and different lifestyles.

[49] This trend may threaten national identity because globalization undermines the importance of being a citizen of a particular country.

[47][51][52] However, even a nation like Turkey which occupies an important geographic trade crossroads and international marketplace with a tradition of liberal economic activity with an ingrained entrepreneurial and foreign trade has degrees of ethnocentrism as Turkish consumers may be basically rational buyers by not discriminating against imported products.

[53] Nevertheless, they exhibit preferences for local goods that are of equal quality to the imports because buying them assists the nation's economy and domestic employment.

Such markers may include common language or dialect, national dress, birthplace, family affiliation, etc.