The exceptions are Canada and the United States, although the latter issues a passport card which is a valid document in some countries.

[1] As an alternative to presenting a passport, in some countries, due to bilateral agreements, citizens are entitled to use a valid national identity card as a stand-alone travel document to exercise their freedom of movement.

Some countries demand the use of a national identity card or a passport, while others allow for other documents like driver's licences.

For example, Colombia's Cédula de Ciudadanía has developed in appearance and security measures against counterfeiting.

[7] In 2023, Argentina started to issue a new Documento Nacional de Identidad (DNI) with a new biometric chip.