Navaratnas

nine gems) or Nauratan was a term applied to a group of nine extraordinary people in an emperor's court in India.

[3] V. V. Mirashi dates the work to 12th century, and points out that it could not have been composed by Kalidasa, because it contains grammatical faults.

Some Jain writers identify Siddhasena Divakara as Kshapanaka, but this claim is not accepted by historians.

[5] According to popular tradition, the court of the Mughal ruler Akbar had nine intellectuals called the Navaratnas or the nine gems.

Sardesai, Hindu pandits in the court of Shah Jahan or Dara Shikoh - Jagannathrai or Kavindracharya - may have started this tradition.

Some of the names included in various lists include:[2][7] For example, a painting kept at the Lala Sri Ramdas Library (Delhi) in the 1940s depicts the following people as the nine gems: Abdul Rahim, Todar Mal, Man Singh, Birbal, Miyan Kokultash, Hakim Humam, Abul Hasan, Abu'l-Fazl, and Faizi.

These included Gopal Bhar,[8][9] Bharatchandra Raygunakor,[10] Ramprasad Sen,[11] Baneshwar Bidyalankar,[12] Krishnadhan roy,[12] Rammohan Goswami,[12] Madhusudan Nyayalankar,[12] Jagannath Tarkapanchanan[12] and Hariram Tarkasiddhanta.