Resident in Japan for almost fifty years, he was notable as an early archaeologist and one of the first Westerners to study the Ainu people of Hokkaido.

Between 1908 and 1914 he sent more than 2,000 objects (including archaeological ceramics, metalwork, shells, bones and stone tools; musical instruments, Buddhist objects and Ainu material) to the Royal Scottish Museum (today's National Museum of Scotland) in Edinburgh.

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