Phonetic notes: Unless adjacent to /ɣ x h ħ ʕ/, /a/ is raised in open syllables to [i], [ɨ], or [u], depending on neighboring sounds.

[12] Najdi Arabic exhibits the so-called gahawa syndrome, insertion of epenthetic /a/ after (/h x, ɣ ħ, ʕ/).

[15] This, combined with the gahawa syndrome can make underlying sequence of /a/ and a following guttural consonant (/h x, ɣ ħ, ʕ/) to appear metathesized, e.g. /ʔistaʕʒal/ ('got in a hurry') [ʔistˈʕaʒal].

[18] NA morphology is distinguished by three categories which are: nouns ism, verb fial, and particle harf.

[18] ma is used with all verbal sentences but la is used with imperative verb forms indicating present and future tense.

[21] [22] cites six "relative time markers":[21] Most of these discourse particles are preverbal, yet a few of them can show up in non-verbal sentences.