Neu-Eichenberg borders in the north on the community of Friedland (in Lower Saxony's Göttingen district), in the east on the communities of Hohengandern and Bornhagen (both in Thuringia’s Eichsfeld district) and in the south and west on the town of Witzenhausen (Werra-Meißner-Kreis).

Neu-Eichenberg is made up of seven places named Berge, Neuenrode, Eichenberg Bahnhof, Eichenberg Dorf, Hebenshausen (administrative seat), Hermannrode and Marzhausen, but its five Ortsteile are Berge (Berge and Neuenrode), Eichenberg (Bahnhof and Dorf), Hebenshausen, Hermannrode and Marzhausen.

The community of Neu-Eichenberg came into being in the course of municipal reform in Hesse on 1 February 1971 through the willing merger of the formerly self-administering communities of Berge, Eichenberg, Hebenshausen, Hermannrode and Marzhausen.

These are served by regional trains of Deutsche Bahn, cantus and Abellio.

The community earned special importance through the Verkehrsprojekt Deutsche Einheit (German Unity Transport Project) number 6 (rail), which saw the reconnection of the Eichenberg-Halle line formerly severed by the Inner German Border between East and West Germany.