The village was established in 1530/31 in the district (Amt) of Bärenrode by the counts of Stolberg, but soon thereafter was transferred to the princes of Anhalt-Bernburg.

The first village houses were erected on the present day Church Square (Kirchplatz).

In 1806 there were 58 houses with 370 inhabitants who lived off farming, cattle breeding, coal transportation and woodcutting.

Neudorf developed into a mineworkers' village (the best-known ore mines were the Meiseberg and Pfaffenberg pits).

Neudorf im Harz was known its mining and the mineral specimens of great beauty that were discovered here and which had become much sought after collectors' items by the 19th century (including specimens containing galenite, siderite, quartz, zinc blend and bournonite crystals).