[1][independent source needed] Manifest destiny and the broader ideologies of racism and white supremacy were used to justify imperialism and colonialism.
[1][3] Western powers never fully succeeded in gaining imperial control of Tibet, however, despite British and Russian military efforts.
[4] The constructed fantasy of a Shangri-La Tibet reflects on the Western struggle within its national identities[3] and the pitfalls of globalization.
[4] The concept of New Age Orientalism, originally relating to Tibet, has been expanded and applied to other cultures and religions (such as Hinduism) in academic literature.
[6] The concept has also been criticized for neglecting the Tibetan struggle under Chinese occupation and negative Oriental views of Old Tibet as feudal and antiquated.