Founded in 1993, the railroad operates several branch lines owned by the state of New Hampshire.

[1][2] The company initially began operations on a 9-mile (14 km) railroad line between North Stratford and Columbia, New Hampshire, previously operated by the North Stratford Railroad.

[2] Interchange is with the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad in North Stratford and Groveton.

[3] Vermont Rail System announced an agreement to purchase the New Hampshire Central Railroad in April 2024.

The New Hampshire Central Railroad will maintain operations under its original name following acquisition.