[1] In the middle of the 1990s, the phrase "new media" became widely used as part of a sales pitch for the influx of interactive CD-ROMs for entertainment and education.
[6] Unless they contain technologies that enable digital generative or interactive processes, broadcast television programs, feature films, magazines, and books are not considered to be new media.
The last twenty-five years have seen the rapid transformation into media which are predicated upon the use of digital technologies such as the Internet and video games.
Even traditional media forms such as the printing press have been transformed through the application of technologies by using of image manipulation software like Adobe Photoshop and desktop publishing tools.
Andrew L. Shapiro argues that the "emergence of new, digital technologies signals a potentially radical shift of who is in control of information, experience and resources".
"People in virtual communities use words on screens to exchange pleasantries and argue, engage in intellectual discourse, conduct commerce, make plans, brainstorm, gossip, feud, fall in love, create a little high art and a lot of idle talk".
Nor does society script the course of technological change, since many factors, including individual inventiveness and entrepreneurialism, intervene in the process of scientific discovery, technical innovation and social applications, so the final outcome depends on a complex pattern of interaction.
[23][24] Manovich[25] and Castells[22] have argued that whereas mass media "corresponded to the logic of industrial mass society, which values conformity over individuality,"[26] new media follows the logic of the postindustrial or globalized society whereby "every citizen can construct her own custom lifestyle and select her ideology from a large number of choices.
The study argues that internet culture does exist and this version of new media cannot eliminate people's relations to their geographic area or national identity.
[29] The Zapatista Army of National Liberation of Chiapas, Mexico were the first major movement to make widely recognized and effective use of new media for communiques and organizing in 1994.
In order for Adams and other feminists who work towards spreading their messages to the public, new media becomes crucial towards completing this task, allowing people to access a movement's information instantaneously.
Along with this example the use of high volume blogs has allowed numerous views and practices to be more widespread and gain more public attention.
The quality of the sound was very distorted and the delicacy of the physical format resulted in the change to LPs (Long Playing).
At first, MP3 tracks threatened the industry with massive piracy file-to-file sharing networks such as Napster, until laws were established to prevent this.
[37] New media has become of interest to the global espionage community as it is easily accessible electronically in database format and can therefore be quickly retrieved and reverse engineered by national governments.
[41] Interactive new media has become a true benefit to every one because people can express their artwork in more than one way with the technology that we have today and there is no longer a limit to what we can do with our creativity.
Terry Flew argues that "the global interactive games industry is large and growing, and is at the forefront of many of the most significant innovations in new media".
These games, which are developments of "new media," allow for users to establish relationships and experience a sense of belonging that transcends traditional temporal and spatial boundaries (such as when gamers logging in from different parts of the world interact).
As a device to source the ideas, concepts, and intellectual properties of the general public, the television industry has used new media and the Internet to expand its resources for new programming and content.
Despite working on numerous projects, people in this industry receive low payments, which is highly contrasted with the techy millionaire stereotype.
[49] Based on nationally representative data, a study conducted by Kaiser Family Foundation in five-year intervals in 1998–99, 2003–04, and 2008–09 found that with technology allowing nearly 24-hour media access, the amount of time young people spend with entertainment media has risen dramatically, especially among Black and Hispanic youth.
Parental mediation has become a way to manage the children's experiences with Internet, chat, videogames and social network.
Since then, campaigns also have their outreach methods by developing targeted messages for specific audiences that can be reached via different social media platforms.
Other research is tending toward the idea that new media has reinforcing effect, that rather than completely altering, by increasing involvement, it "imitates the established pattern of political participation".
[57] Terri Towner found, in his survey of college students, that attention to new media increases offline and online political participation particularly for young people.
[58] When gauging effects and implications of new media on the political process, one means of doing so is to look at the deliberations that take place in these digital spaces.
[59] In citing the work of several researchers, Halpern and Gibbs define deliberation to be "the performance of a set of communicative behaviors that promote thorough discussion.
Some scholars argue that standard Institutional Review Board (IRB) procedures provide little guidance on research protocols relating to social media in particular.
[61] There is also debate about whether requiring users to create a username and password is sufficient to establish whether the data is considered public or private.
[60] While it could be argued that such actions would violate a social media user's expectation of privacy, other scholars argued that actions like "friending" or "following" an individual on social media constitutes a "loose tie" relationship and therefore not sufficient to establish a reasonable expectation of privacy since individuals often have friends or followers they have never even met.