The 2023 Dutch general election resulted in losses for all parties in the fourth Rutte cabinet.

The 150 members of the House of Representatives are elected by semi-open list proportional representation.

The seats won by a list are first allocated to the candidates who, in preferential votes, have received at least 25% of the Hare quota (effectively ¼ of a seat or 0.17% of the total votes), regardless of their placement on the electoral list.

If multiple candidates from a list pass this threshold, their ordering is determined based on the number of votes received.

Any remaining seats are allocated to candidates according to their position on the electoral list.