Nil Fyodorovich Filatov (Russian: Нил Фёдорович Фила́тов, 2 June [O.S.

Having graduated from the Moscow University, he practised as a country doctor in his native region.

In 1872–1874, Filatov took additional training in Vienna, Berlin, Heidelberg, and Prague.

He created a number of handbooks on paediatrics, which were not only popular in Russia, but also translated into German, French, Italian, Czech and Hungarian.

The oldest children's hospitals in Moscow (where Filatov worked, now #13), and in Russia (#5, based in St. Petersburg) are named after him.