In this area, descending northward from the principal chain of the Caucasus Mountains to a level plain, are found rich deposits of oil, natural gas, and coal.

The Kuban River region, a fertile black-earth area, is one of the chief granaries of Russia.

Wheat, sugar beets, tobacco, rice, and sunflower seeds are grown, and cattle are raised.

Other rivers include the Don, the Kuma, and the Terek, and the Volga–Don Canal is a major transportation route.

GDP per capita is barely half that of the average for the Federation, and productivity and wages are also low.