Even when the rents of oil and gas sector are excluded, Norway's productivity and income are among the highest in the world[citation needed].
Other scholars such as Freeman and Nelson continued the research by emphasizing the paradigmatic- and sector-specific views of the whole technological change process combined with the economic growth.
Fagerberg posits that the "paradox" should be analysed by combining three interrelated aspects of Norwegian economic development: innovation, path dependence, and policy.
Norway's innovative performance had been scientifically influenced by the ability of Norwegian entrepreneurs, firms, and public sector actors.
Finally, Norwegian institutions and politics managed to extend a relatively narrow definition of science, technology, and innovation policy.