It was established in 1972 from the Physics Section of the former institute of Nuclear Research of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.

As the nuclear power industry developed in the Czech Republic, the institute was in 1972 divided into several parts.

The largest part was subsided to the Czechoslovak Commission for Atomic Energy under the name Nuclear Research Institute and later privatized.

The second largest part the Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS remains under the Academy of Sciences.

Particles are extracted from the cyclotron chamber by means of a 3-section deflection electrostatic system to the entrance of the beam lines.