Numerical manipulation of Doppler parameters obtain during routine Echocardiography has been extensively utilized to non-invasively estimate intra-cardiac pressures, in many cases removing the need for invasive cardiac catheterization.
[1] Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create real-time anatomic images of the heart and its structures.
Via the modified Bernoulli equation, velocity is routinely converted to pressure gradient for use in clinical cardiology decision making.
Diasatolic dysfunction algorithms use complex combinations of these numeric models to estimate intra-cardiac filling pressures.
[3][4][5] Shunt defects have been studied using the Relative Atrial Index.