[6] The golden age of the Observatory began when Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt was its director (1764–1807).

In 1777, Poczobutt created a constellation entitled Taurus Poniatovii to honor Stanisław August Poniatowski, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

In 1861, Georg Thomas Sabler, the director of the observatory, proposed to acquire for that purpose new instruments, among which were a solar photoheliograph, a photometer and a spectroscope.

[6] The library and instruments were distributed among various institutions of the Russian Empire, the main part of which was transferred to the Pulkovo Observatory.

[6] Władysław Dziewulski, a prominent Polish astronomer, was appointed as the head of this department.

For that purpose a site was allocated on the outskirts of the city near Vingis Park on the present M.K.Čiurlionis street.

After the expansion of Vilnius, accurate astronomical observations became impossible due to air and light pollution in the 1960s.

The observatory became involved in the design and construction of photometric equipment for telescopes, in the study of variable stars, physical and chemical properties of stars, interstellar matter, as well as the structure of the Milky Way, Andromeda, and Triangulum galaxies.