Natural oil was available in Northwestern Germany at Nienhagen[1] (55%—300,000 tons per year),[2] Rietberg (20%—300,000), and Heide (300,000) and refineries were mainly at Hamburg and Hannover.
Refineries in France, Holland, and Italy (54)—mainly coastal plants for ocean-shipped crude—were within Allied bombing range and generally unused by Germany[3] (Italian refining ceased in August 1943).
[4] Even before the war, Germany was dependent on foreign sources for an adequate supply of oil.
[5] Firms that operated oil facilities included Deutsche Erdöl-Aktiengesellschaft, Brabag (e.g., Böhlen, Magdeburg/Rothensee, Zeitz),[6] Fanto (Pardubice, Budapest),[3] and I.G.
Castrop-Rauxel Duisburg Gelsenkirchen (Nordstern) Gelsenkirchen (Scholven/Buer) Homberg Kamen[clarification needed] Sterkrade/Holten[7] Wanne-Eickel Essener Verein[3] Leuna - most heavily defended oil target in Nazi Germany Ludwigshafen Lützkendorf-Mücheln[2] Wesseling Kamen-Dortmund Odertal Ruhland-Schwarzheide[5] Essener Verein[3] Vienna (Floridsdorf) Vienna (Lobau) Vienna (Moosbierbaum) Vienna (Schwechat) Vienna (Vösendorf) Chemnitz Cottbus Dortmund Düsseldorf Emmerich Hamburg-Harburg[8] Hanover Magdeburg Mannheim[9] Mittelwerk (jet fuel) Monheim Nienhagen Regensburg (imports)[2] Rositz Czechoslovakia (Brüx, Bratislava, Dubová, Kralupy, Kolín, Pardubice) France (Balaruc) France (La Pallice Hungary (Almásfüzitő) Hungary (Budapest) Hungary (Szőny) Hungary (Pétfürdő)Poland (Czechowice) Poland (Drohobycz) Poland (Trzebinia) Romania (Brașov) Romania (Brazi) Romania (Bucharest)[3] Romania (Câmpina) Romania (Ploiești) Bruges Dülmen Ebenhausen Erfurt Erbach or Ebrach Frankfurt am Main Freiham Hamburg Kassel Marienburg Munich Neuenheerse Roudnice nad Labem Winterhafen) Würzburg Underground: Ehmen[verification needed] Farge[2] Hitzacker[2] Loccum[2] Nienburg[2] France (Dugny) France (Le Pontet) France (Le Pouzin) France (Lyon) France (Montbartier) France (Paris) France (Rouen) France (Sète) Italy (La Spezia) Italy (Porto Marghera) Romania (Constanța) Romania (Giurgiu) Yugoslavia (Belgrade) Yugoslavia (Pula) Blechhammer North Bratislava Apollo refinery Magdeburg/Rothensee