Open-source economics

Some characteristics of open-source economics may include: work or investment carried out without express expectation of return; products or services produced through collaboration between users and developers; and no direct individual ownership of the enterprise itself.

"Networked environment makes possible a new modality of organizing production: radically decentralized, collaborative, and non-proprietary; based on sharing resources and outputs among widely distributed, loosely connected individuals who cooperate with each other without relying on either market signals or managerial commands.

Therefore, by open-sourcing Bootstrap, Twitter is able to increase brand awareness due to the large number of people developing products with their software, which should help them attract talent.

It is common for companies to not open-source core parts of their products that are critical for business, but helpful auxiliary processes and infrastructure.

[citation needed] This way, through open sourcing they get all the positive aspects of talent acquisition and branding, and do not give up market share.

[11] Red Hat was the pioneer for the open source business model, and was valued at approximately $16 billion as of April 2017.

[11] Other examples include Google, which created Android, an open-source mobile operating system based on Linux.