Optical braille recognition

[1] In 1988, a group of French researchers at the Lille University of Science and Technology developed an algorithm, called Lectobraille, which converted braille documents into plain text.

[1] In 1993, a group of researchers from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven developed a system to recognize braille that had been scanned with a commercially available scanner.

[4] In 2001, Murray and Dais created a handheld recognition system, that scanned small sections of a document at once.

[5] Because of the small area scanned at once, grid deformation was less of an issue, and a simpler, more efficient algorithm was employed.

[3] In 2003, Morgavi and Morando designed a system to recognize braille characters using artificial neural networks.