He studied chemistry and zoology at the University of Halle and became a private tutor for the daughter of Consul General Blau in Sarajevo whom he later married.
He gave lectures on consular matters and in his spare time he worked on the mollusc specimens at the Senckenberg Museum to assist Wilhelm Kobelt.
In 1894, Jose Rizal sent (from Dapitan) to Möllendorff (who was in Manila at that time) specimens of large sea snails known as tun shells together with some specimens of a species of small freshwater snails stored in glass vials.
The species of small snails was later named Oncomelania quadrasi by Möllendorff in 1895 in honour of Don José Florencio Quadras, a Spanish malacologist who was also based in Manila at that time.
[3] He examined the specimens from Southeast Asia and produced an inventory of land molluscs of the Philippines in 1898.