Pacifism in Islam

[12] Prior to the Hijra travel, Muhammad struggled non-violently against his opposition in Mecca,[10] providing a basis for Islamic pacifist schools of thought such as some Sufi orders and the Ahmadiyya movement.

[14] Warfare in defense of the faith has also been part of Muslim history since the time of Muhammad,[9] with violence mentioned in Quranic revelations after their exile from Mecca.

Amadou Bamba repeatedly rejected calls for jihad against the Europeans, preaching hard work, piety and education as the best means to resist the oppression and exploitation of his people.

[21] Bacha Khan founded the Khudai Khidmatgar ("Servants of God") movement in 1929, whose success triggered a harsh crackdown by the colonial authorities against him and his supporters, and they experienced some of the most severe repression of all Indian independence activists.

"[25] After partition, Badshah Khan pledged allegiance to Pakistan and demanded an autonomous "Pashtunistan" administrative unit within the country, but he was frequently arrested by the Pakistani government between 1948 and 1954.

Tens of thousands of mourners attended his funeral, marching through the Khyber Pass from Peshawar to Jalalabad, although it was marred by two bomb explosions killing 15 people.

[26] The Palestinian activist Nafez Assaily has been notable for his bookmobile service in Hebron dubbed "Library on Wheels for Nonviolence and Peace",[27] and hailed as a "creative Muslim exponent of non-violent activism".

[31][32] Pearlman attributes the non-violent character of the uprising to the movement's internal organization and its capillary outreach to neighborhood committees that ensured that lethal revenge would not be the response even in the face of Israeli state repression.