The Palmer-Bowlus flume has a u-shaped cross-section and was designed to be inserted into, or in line with, pipes and u-channels found in sanitary sewer applications.
For lower flow rates - where the depth is low relative to the length of the flume - the accuracy decreases to 5-6%.
The simplified free-flow discharge can be summarized as Where Note that Palmer-Bowlus flumes are proprietary to each manufacturer / throat configuration.
The table presented below is for the most common throat configuration - a trapezoidal ramp - and is simplified for the entire flume flow range.
In natural stream applications, submerged flow is frequently the result of vegetative growth on the downstream channel banks, sedimentation, or subsidence of the flume.