[5] It is preyed upon by a host of organisms, including the tree cricket Oecanthus longicauda, ant Lasius niger, and wasps (Polistes and Trogus mactator).

[13] Wing coloration is sexually dimorphic, with females showing broader proximal marginal bands in the hindwing.

Injection of Molsin into 0-2 day pupae, butterflies had high amounts of black wing scales.

This indicates that P. xuthus likely has an acid carboxypeptidase of its own that naturally induces production of these pigments, and its action lasts during the first two days of pupation.

Administration of a higher amount of acid carboxypeptidase to the pupae at 0–2 days induces an overproduction of pigmentation molecules, which leads to a high number of black scales.

Adult P. xuthus males were able to find odorless conspecifics, and while they do not discriminate by sex, they can identify a female once physical contact is made.

[17] In addition, males use visual cues to conduct the mating ritual and are particularly attracted to closely spaced yellow patches on female wings.

They decide on the number of eggs they deposit in different subhabitats by certain criteria such as the quality of the subhabitat, the existing adult population in the area, the quantity of young leaves in the vicinity, the degree of sun exposure (females prefer sunnier areas),[22][23] and host plant height.

[6] Some insects, such as the grasshopper Oeanthus longicauda, are capable of removing Asian swallowtail larvae out of their eggs before they hatch.

[6] Asian swallowtail caterpillars may also be parasitized by wasps, such as Trogus mactator and Pteromarus puparum, during development.

[6] Aside from predation, larval mortality rate is also affected by diseases that appear to correlate with the duration of the rainy season.

[7] Asian swallowtail butterflies show this color constancy even when the background light is yellow and red.

Recorded species of food plants include: Despite its wide distribution, populations of the Asian swallowtail remain at a stable, relatively low, level.

[22][25] P. xuthus will lay single eggs on leaves of host plants, allowing hatched larvae to feed on Poncirus trifoliata, Zanthoxylum ailanthoides and various citrus species.

[6] According to a study, the population fluctuation of the Asian swallowtail butterfly has been surprisingly stable compared to that of various other insects.