Parallel states are common in totalitarian societies, such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and the Soviet Union.
Organizations usually associated with the idea of a Parallel state include political parties, unions, intelligence agencies, and militaries.
Gülen's Cemaat movement, which has a large presence within Turkey, has allegedly been involved in limiting the power of the Turkish Armed Forces through the Ergenekon trials and the Sledgehammer case while allied with Erdoğan.
"[4] Erdoğan has blamed Gülen's followers on orchestrating the 2013 government corruption scandal, as well as the 2016 coup attempt.
[citation needed] This study was also suggested as a corner-stone for possible peace scenarios in war torn countries.