The Parkerian hexad is a set of six elements of information security proposed by Donn B. Parker in 1998.
Confidentiality refers to the "quality or state of being private or secret; known only to a limited few",[2] or "the property that information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized individuals, entities, or processes".
Similarly, application programs are supposed to record information correctly and not introduce deviations from the intended values.
Possession or control: Suppose a thief were to steal a sealed envelope containing a bank debit card and its personal identification number.
For example, suppose someone encrypted data on disk to prevent unauthorized access or undetected modifications–and then lost the decryption key: that would be a breach of utility.
Utility is often confused with availability because breaches such as those described in these examples may also require time to work around the change in data format or presentation.