Payne effect

[3] The effect is observed under cyclic loading conditions with small strain amplitudes, and is manifest as a dependence of the viscoelastic storage modulus on the amplitude of the applied strain.

At sufficiently large strain amplitudes (roughly 20%), the storage modulus approaches a lower bound.

The Payne effect depends on the filler content of the material and vanishes for unfilled elastomers.

Physically, the Payne effect can be attributed to deformation-induced changes in the material's microstructure,[4] i.e., to breakage and recovery of weak physical bonds linking adjacent filler clusters.

[5] Since the Payne effect is essential for the frequency and amplitude-dependent dynamic stiffness and damping behaviour of rubber bushings, automotive tires and other products, constitutive models to represent it have been developed in the past (e.g., Lion et al.