Its main final hosts are wild carnivores (foxes, wolves, coyotes, hedgehogs, etc.).

[1] The parasite can irritate the mucosa of the urinary system (bladder and tract), sometimes with painful urination and incontinence.

[2] They reportedly infect the large intestine but have been found in the urinary bladder of the cat, resulting in feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD).

Diagnosis is based on finding larvae and fragments of adult stages in urine sediment.

This parasite is readily treated with proprietary medicines such as fenbendazole and ivermectin.