Penza Governorate (Russian: Пензенская губерния, romanized: Penzenskaya guberniya) was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire and Russian SFSR, located in the Volga Region.

It existed from 1780 to 1797 and again from 1801 to 1928; its capital was in Penza.

Penza Governorate was subdivided into ten uyezds: At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Penza Governorate had a population of 1,470,474.

Of these, 83.0% spoke Russian, 12.8% Mordvin, 4.0% Tatar, 0.1% Ukrainian and 0.1% Polish as their native language.

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