[2] The formal public security structure is augmented by a pervasive system of informers throughout the society.
[2] Below the ministry level, there are public security bureaus for each province and directly administered city.
[2] Public security departments at each city or county and smaller substations through the country are staffed by about 100 personnel and are led by subaltern officers.
[2] It is charged with searching out antistate criminals—a general category that includes those accused of anti-government and dissident activities, economic crimes, and slander of the political leadership.
[2] It has counterintelligence responsibilities at home and abroad, and runs overseas intelligence collection operations.
[3][2] The People's Border Guards are the paramilitary forces of the Ministry of Social Security[2] and are an independent institution separate from the KPSSF.