Poltava Governorate[a] was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire.

It was administered by 15 uezds (povits): Most of these ended up in the modern Poltava Oblast of Ukraine, although some: Zolotonosha, Krasnohrad, Pereiaslav and Romny are now part of Cherkasy, Kharkiv, Kyiv and Sumy Oblasts respectively.

The Poltava Governorate covered a total area of 49,365 km2, and had a population of 2,778,151 according to the 1897 Russian Empire census.

After the formation of the Ukrainian SSR, the territory was wholly included into the new Soviet Republic.

However, on Third of June 1925 the guberniya was liquidated and replaced by five okrugs (which already were the uyezd subdivision as of seventh of March 1923): Kremenchutsky, Lubensky, Poltavsky, Prylutsky and Romensky (the rest two okrugs existed within the guberniya, Zolotonoshsky and Krasnohradsky, were also liquidated).