[3] Another notable initiative, The Green Marine (GM) certification program, in which North American maritime corporations, including ports, seek to reduce their environmental impacts, was founded in 2007.
Some experts posit that this owes to more pressure being put on these ports, since their pollution immediately affects close populations.
Container ships generally have a fixed round-trip route ensuring frequent and regular visits to specific ports.
[2] Adoption also depends on governments and their regulatory agenda along with the financial capacity and competence of port authorities.
[13] When comparing European and West African ports, experts found that ports in Europe tend to focus on technical infrastructure and measures addressing air quality, energy and climate change mitigation, while ports in West Africa typically have an integrated business model and mostly implement measures targeting sustainable waste management, oil spills and ballast water management.