Portia fimbriata

The Queensland variant use a unique "cryptic stalking" technique which prevents most jumping spider prey from identifying this P. fimbriata as a predator, or even as an animal at all.

All types of prey spiders occasionally counter-attack, but all Portia species have very good defences, starting with especially tough skin.

[11]: 433 If disturbed, most Portia species leap upwards about 100 to 150 millimetres, often from the cryptic rest pose, and often over a wide trajectory.

However, the main eyes of Portia have vision about as acute as the best of the jumping spiders: the salticine Mogrus neglectus can distinguish prey and conspecifics up to 320 millimetres away (42 times its own body length), while P. fimbriata can distinguish these up to 280 millimetres (47 times its own body length).

[18] The main eyes of P. fimbriata can also identify features of the scenery up to 85 times its own body length, which helps the spider to find detours.

[7]: 21 However, a Portia takes a relatively long time to see objects, possibly because getting a good image out of such tiny eyes is a complex process and needs a lot of scanning.

[4] Spiders, like other arthropods, have sensors, often modified setae (bristles), for smell, taste, touch and vibration, protruding through their cuticle ("skin").

[7]: 13 Members of the genus Portia have been called "eight-legged cats", as their hunting tactics are as versatile and adaptable as a lion's.

[4] When not joined to another spiders', a P. fimbriata female's capture web is generally suspended from rigid foundations such as boughs and rocks.

[11]: 440–441, 444 The webs of spiders on which Portia species prey sometimes contain dead insects and other arthropods which are uneaten or partly eaten.

[11]: 448 When using its own web to catch other species of salticids, P. fimbriata conceals its conspicuous palps, which it does not do when stalking a web-spider or occasionally a moving fly.

[11]: 429–430  Female P. fimbriatas' tactics and performance show regional differences between the populations in Queensland, the Northern Territory and Sri Lanka.

[11]: 424  The table also includes females of P. africana around Lake Victoria, of P. schultzi elsewhere in Kenya and of P. labiata in Sri Lanka for comparison.

The authors suggest that, in the wild, nectar may be a frequent, convenient way to get some nutrients, as it would avoid the work, risks and costs (such as making venom) of predation.

Jumping spiders may benefit from amino acids, lipids, vitamins and minerals normally found in nectar.

[27] Robinson (2010) said that the Queensland P. fimbriata has the most varied prey capture techniques of any animal in the world except humans and other simians.

[2] When not using its own web, the Queensland P. fimbriata preys mainly on salticids of other genera, generally using against them a special tactic called "cryptic stalking".

Males are quite effective against small web spiders, and reluctant to tackle large ones although they catch them in about 50% of attempts.

When hunting most other salticids in Queensland, P. fimbriata exaggerates the slowness and "choppiness" of its normal gait (sometimes called "robotlike"[7]: 6 ) and holds its palps retracted beside its fangs, as it also does in the cryptic rest pose.

[9][29]: 750–751  P. fimbriata uses cryptic stalking even against some oddly-shaped salticids such as the flattened Holoplatys and the elongated, mantis-like Mantisatta longicauda.

Unlike most jumping spiders, Euryattus makes a nest by suspending a dead rolled-up leaf by silk lines from vegetation.

The smell helps P. fimbriata see its prey more quickly,[7]: 6, 12  possibly by lowering thresholds in the visual system.

[11]: 444–447 The spiders were divided into those that: A test in a deliberately artificial environment explored the Queensland P. fimbriata′s ability to solve a novel problem by trial and error.

In Sri Lanka, P. fimbriata is not a prolific hunter of web spiders or insects, but it quite efficiently catches those it pursues.

[11]: 466  Contests between Portia females are usually long and violent,[23]: 518  and in P. fimbriata from Queensland these often including grappling that sometimes breaks a leg.

[23]: 518 [11]: 465  Unlike in some other Portia species, females of P. fimbriata from Queensland do not eat their mates during courting, nor during [11]: 464  or after copulation.

[42] For moulting, all Portia species spin a horizontal web whose diameter is about twice the spider's body length and is suspended only 1 to 4 millimetres below a leaf.

[16]: 239 P. fimbriata is found in the rain forests of India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, Taiwan, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Malaysia including Malacca, Indonesia, and in Australia's Northern Territory and Queensland.

[11]: 431  In Queensland, P. fimbriata shares its environment with a common prey, the very abundant Jacksonoides queenslandicus,[9] and with large populations of other non-Portia salticids and non-salticid web-building spiders.

[23]: 491  Molecular phylogeny, a technique that compares the DNA of organisms to reconstruct the tree of life, indicates that Portia is a member of the clade Spartaeinae, that Spartaeinae is basal (quite similar to the ancestors of all jumping spiders), and that Portia′s closest relatives are the genera Spartaeus, Phaeacius, and Holcolaetis.

"Squared-off" cephalothorax and eye pattern of jumping spiders
Female P. fimbriata in its web
A female Lyssomanes viridis (not the species in Queensland)
Male of P. fimbriata