Positional asphyxia

[5] A March 1999 article in the Academic Emergency Medicine journal reported that one group of doctors had presented a method of resuscitation, correcting acidosis in the blood of the victim, which proved effective in their small scale study.

[6] A 2010 article in the Journal of the Tennessee Medical Association reported a single case of successful resuscitation using "aggressive sedation", "ventilatory assistance" among other interventions but added that "avoiding hobble and prone restraint positions may eliminate some of the problems".

[7] In 1997 Annals of Emergency Medicine article reported on a single small laboratory study in which "15 healthy men ages 18 through 40 years" were placed in the "hobble" or "hog-tie" restraint position.

[13] A 2012 series by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism (TBIJ) reported that, since the late 1990s, coroners used the term excited delirium to explain restraint-related deaths involving police officers.

"[18] Olympic track athlete Florence Griffith-Joyner[19] and ex-Major League Baseball player John Marzano[20] both died due to positional asphyxia, the former following an epileptic seizure and the latter following a fall down a flight of stairs.