Typical methods for PMI include X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and optical emission spectrometry (OES).
[1] PMI is a portable method of analysis and can be used in the field on components.
[2] X-ray fluorescence (XRF) PMI can not detect small elements such as carbon.
This means that when undertaking analysis of stainless steels such as grades 304 and 316 the low carbon 'L' variant can not be determined.
This however can be analysed with optical emission spectrometry (OES) [3] This technology-related article is a stub.