[10] Postcoital bleeding can be due to trauma after consensual and non-consensual sexual intercourse.

[6] Risk factors for developing postcoital bleeding are: low estrogen levels, rape and 'rough sex'.

[4] Postcoital bleeding rarely is associated with gynecological cancer in young women and its incidence is projected to drop due to the widespread immunizations against HPV.

In a large Taiwanese study, the overall incidence of postcoital bleeding was found to be 39-59 per 100,000 women.

Benign causes of postcoital bleeding were associated with cervical erosion, ectropion, vaginitis and vulvovaginitis.

[3] Hymenorrhaphy is a controversial procedure to surgically repair a damaged hymen, thus restoring the appearance of virginity: "From a Western-ethics perspective, the life-saving potential of the procedure is weighed against the role of the surgeon in directly assisting in a deception and in indirectly promoting cultural practices of sexual inequality.

The second is that although the surgery is generally impermissible, it can become licit when the risks of not having postcoital bleeding harm are sufficiently great.