[3] Most chemical weathering of minerals seems to take place in the upland drainage basins rather than on the floodplains, and most major solutes display conservative mixing in the river-floodplain system.

[5] Almost circular in shape, it grows up to 40 cm (16 in) in disc width and 15 kg (33 lb) in weight.

Like other stingrays, the fish of this genus have venomous barbs at the base of their tails, and are dangerous to humans.

It is an almost flat, barbed structure that can reach 6 cm (2.4 in) in length, and is covered with a toxic mucus, making any attack a very painful one.

They are carnivorous bottom-feeders and require strong filtration as they are rather sensitive to water conditions (any spike in NO2 levels can kill them with no warning).