Powertrain

In a wider sense, the powertrain includes all of the components used to transform stored (chemical, solar, nuclear, kinetic, potential, etc.)

In hybrid powertrains the torque generated by the combustion engine and the electric motor have to be brought together and distributed to the wheels.

Powertrain development for diesel engines involves the following: exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and advanced combustion.

Spark ignition engine development include: fuel injection, including the gasoline direct injection variant, as well as improving volumetric efficiency by using multi-valves per cylinder, variable valve timing, variable length intake manifolds, and turbocharging.

Each engine type has its unique design and operational characteristics, but all aim to produce the torque required to propel the vehicle.

This motor is highly efficient and eliminates the need for some of the more complex components found in ICE vehicles, such as exhaust systems or fuel tanks.

Inverters are critical in EVs, as they control the motor's performance by regulating power output and enabling variable speeds.

It ensures that the power generated by the engine is delivered to the wheels in the most efficient manner, adjusting for speed and load.

By analyzing data from sensors throughout the vehicle, ECUs ensure the powertrain operates at peak efficiency while also complying with emissions and performance standards.

The resulting designs in turn impose significantly more severe requirements on parts shape and dimension; and material surface flatness, waviness, roughness, and porosity.

Quality control over these parameters is achieved through metrology technology applied to all of the steps in powertrain manufacturing processes.