Another set of ideas about "time and thought" have to do with the dynamic properties of inquiry.
Peirce set forth many of these ideas very early in his career, periodically returning to them on scattered occasions until the end, and they appear to be implicit in much of his later work on the logic of science and the theory of signs, but he never developed their implications to the fullest extent.
Weizsäcker used the concept of novelty and irrelevance to separate information which is pragmatically useful or not.
The use of acquired information to make a decision is, in the general case, an optimization in an uncertain situation (which is included in Weinberger's theory).
Frank used agent-based models and the theory of autonomous agents with cognitive abilities (see multi-agent system) to operationalize measuring pragmatic information content.
A familiar application may clarify the approach: Different car navigation systems produce different instructions but if they manage to guide you to the same location, their pragmatic information content must be the same (despite different information content when measured with Shannon's measure (SAME).