[11][12] In the context of this definition, The People's Institute maintained that the effects of systematic oppression have negatively impacted various communities, with impoverishment being a concern.
[16] Some anti-racists argue that the stipulative definition will make dismantling anti-blackness more challenging due to the implication that only white people can commit racism.
[21] In 2004, Beverly Tatum wrote that many of her white students find it difficult to relate to this definition on a personal level, because they do not perceive themselves either as prejudiced or as having power.
[4] The definition has been criticized for relying on the assumption that race operates within a black–white binary and that power is a zero-sum game,[22] and for not accounting for the lack of uniformity in prejudicial attitudes.
[23] Critics have also noted that this definition is belied by the fact that except in absolutist regimes, minorities, however disadvantaged they may be, are not powerless, because power is organized into multiple levels.