Because of private industry, and issues surrounding international and domestic law,[3] public-private-partnership became the, "cornerstone of America's cybersecurity strategy".
Its companion document, National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD-38), was signed in secret by George W. Bush the following year.
[5] Although the contents of NSPD 38 are still undisclosed,[1] the U.S. military did not recognize cyberspace as a "theater of operations" until the U.S. National Defense Strategy of 2005.
[11] After the U.S. Senate failed to pass the Cybersecurity Act of 2012 that August,[12] Presidential Policy Directive 20 (PPD-20) was signed in secret.
[14] The Washington Post wrote that PPD-20, "is the most extensive White House effort to date to wrestle with what constitutes an 'offensive' and a 'defensive' action in the rapidly evolving world of cyberwar and cyberterrorism.