Salerno was a Lombard Principality in southern Italy in the latter centuries of the first millenium.
The Principality of Salerno reached its zeniht under Guaimar IV, who ruled all continental southern Italy between 1039 and 1048, expelling for the first time since the fall of the western Roman empire the Byzantines from the Italian peninsula.
Salerno was besieged by the Normans of Robert Guiscard and Prince Richard I of Capua until it fell on 13 December 1076.
Prince Gisulf II surrendered the next year and the principality, the final Lombard state in Italy, fell.
Salerno became the capital of Guiscard's duchy of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily.