Privy seal

The Privy Seal of England can be traced back to the reign of King John.

There is also a separate Privy Seal of Scotland, which existed from at least the reign of Alexander III.

The office of Keeper of the Privy Seal has not been filled since the death of the Marquess of Breadalbane in 1922.

The Privy Seal was made from copper beginning in the Nara period.

The Lord Keeper was a personal adviser to the Emperor, a position adapted in 1885 from the earlier post of Naidaijin.