Pro-Indonesia militia

The Indonesian Constitution of 1945 and the Defence Law of 1988 stipulate that civilians have the right and duty to defend the state by receiving basic military training.

[1] Domingos Maria das Dores Soares, Administrator of Dili, created the Pam Swakarsa ("Self-Initiated Security Group") on 17 May 1999.

[2] The existence of Wanra was confirmed by retired Lieutenant General Kiki Syahnakri in his testimony before the Truth and Friendship Commission (CTF) in October 2007.

These Pro-Indonesia militias were responsible for multiple atrocities and mass-killings during East Timor's bid for independence and transitional period.

In Operation Guntur, up to 3,000 people were killed, hundreds of women and girls were raped, three quarters of East Timor's population were displaced and 75% of the country's infrastructure was destroyed.

The United Front for East Timor (UNIF), founded on 23 June as an umbrella organisation, brought together the FPDK, BRTT and other pro-Indonesian groups.

Yusron Ihza Mahendra, the deputy spokesman of Commission I for Defence of the House of Representatives, contradicts this opinion and also supports the use of the Wanra in internal conflicts.

[1] Notable militias included:[5][9] Bobonaro: Natalino Monteiro Fictional representations of these groups, their members, and their atrocities were shown in the 2006 Australian miniseries Answered by Fire.