Proctor

That term was then defined as "a person admitted and entitled to practice as a barrister, solicitor, attorney, and proctor of the Supreme Court of Western Australia, or in any one or more of these capacities".

The early history of the office at Cambridge is obscure, but it seems that the Proctors have always represented the colleges in University proceedings.

[1] In the past the Proctors administered the university's finances, acted as examiners for all candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, prosecuted anyone suspected of unfair trading, and had a multitude of other tasks.

Two additional Pro-Proctors are also elected by the Senate each year, on the nomination of the Vice-Chancellor and Proctors, to assist the latter in the maintenance of discipline (Grace of 6 June 1878).

If any Grace is opposed by any member of the Senate saying non-placet, the Proctors take the votes of those present and announce the result.

Graces are offered not only for making changes in University Statutes and Ordinances and for appointing examiners and the like, but also for granting degrees.

When a degree is to be taken, the college of the candidate presents a supplicat or petition for the degree; this petition is approved by the Regent House, if and when they have satisfied themselves that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions, and is read at the Congregation by the Senior Proctor: these supplicats are practically never opposed, but Graces for new Statutes and Ordinances are frequently opposed, and on very important occasions such as the election of a new Chancellor many hundreds of non-resident members of the Senate come up to record their votes.

The power of the proctors over persons who are not members of the university dates from charters granted by Elizabeth I and James I, which empowered the university authorities to search for undesirable characters, men and women, rogues, vagabonds, and other personas de male suspectas (persons suspected of evil), and punish them by imprisonment or banishment.

These constables, colloquially known as "Bulldogs", are now members of Cambridge University Constabulary: they retain full police powers of arrest within 5 miles (8 km) of Great St Mary's Church, deemed to be the centre of the university (proctors no longer have the power of arrest).

If occasion arose, the proctors and their constables could arrest a suspected woman and have her taken to the Spinning House (for which Thomas Hobson the carrier had left an endowment).

The next day, the woman would be brought before the vice-chancellor, who had power to commit her to the Spinning House; as a general rule the sentence was for no longer than three weeks.

[clarification needed] In 1898, attention was called to this procedure by the case of a girl named Daisy Hopkins, who was arrested and committed to the Spinning House.

The whole practice was, however, objected to by the authorities of the town, and after a conference an agreement was reached: the proctorial jurisdiction over persons not members of the university was abolished (1904).

[1] Today, the Junior Proctor retains special responsibility for university societies and for resolving disputes arising from the Cambridge Students' Union.

The Special Pro-Proctor for Motor Vehicles is responsible for licensing the keeping and using of motor vehicles (other than mopeds) within 10 miles (16 km) of Great St Mary's Church by University students who have not yet reached MA status and are in residence in term or in the Long Vacation period of residence.

However, they still act as ombudsmen for the university, and handle formal complaints by and against students (although more minor disciplinary matters are usually dealt with by the Dean of each college).

In the United States and some other countries, a proctor can be any teacher or other staff member at a university, secondary school, or even elementary school when they are supervising the administration of a test or examination; i.e., the role referred to as an "invigilator" in British, Canadian, Australian and South African English.

Higher education institutions around the world make use of online proctoring for tens of thousands of exams.

[28] These analytics tools allow institutions to measure their violation rates against other schools, as well as to track incidents by time of year and type of course, among other metrics.