He went on to work on several hit films — Amar Prem (1989), Shraddhanjali (1993), Unishe April (1994), Bhai Amar Bhai (1996), Sasurbari Zindabad (2000), Deva (2002), Chokher Bali (2003), Dosar (2006), Shob Charitro Kalponik (2009), Autograph (2010), Jaatishwar (2014), Khawto (2016), Praktan (2016), Traffic (2016), Shankhachil (2016), Zulfiqar (2016), Mayurakshi (2017), Jyeshthoputro (2019), Gumnaami (2019), Nirontor (2019), Kacher Manush (2022), Kaberi Antardhan (2023) and has committed to star in the Hindi films 3 Dev and Tabeer alongside Neeraj Kabi.

[9][10][11] He began his acting career as a child actor in Hrishikesh Mukherjee's Chotto Jigyasa, for which he won the Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Most Outstanding Work of the Year Award.

But unable to concentrate on his studies, Prosenjit took a break from acting and returned after completing his graduation from Xavier's University and his first leading role came through Bimal Roy's Duti Pata.

[13][14] Prosenjit's breakthrough role came opposite Vijeta Pandit in Amar Sangi (1987), a highly successful romantic drama directed by Sujit Guha.

In 2010, Prosenjit got another breakthrough by portraying the lead character of Arun Chatterjee in debutant Srijit Mukherji's Autograph, for which he was nominated at MIAAC (Mahindra Indo-American Arts Council) film festival, under the Best Actor category.

Chatterjee returned to Hindi cinema by playing the role of lead protagonist in Mehul Kumar directed Meet Mere Man Ke (1991) alongside Ayesha Jhulka, Feroz Khan and Salma Agha.

His other Bollywood films are Sone Ki Zanjeer, Veerta, Shanghai and more recently Traffic which received critical acclaim upon release.