Cluster root

They were first described by Adolf Engler in 1894, after he discovered them on plants of the family Proteaceae growing in Leipzig Botanic Gardens.

[2] Proteoid roots are now known to occur in 27 different Proteaceae genera, plus around 30 species from other families, including Betulaceae, Casuarinaceae, Eleagnaceae, Leguminosae, Moraceae and Myricaceae.

In cultivation, only slow-release low-phosphorus fertilizers should be used, as higher levels cause phosphorus toxicity and sometimes iron deficiency, leading to plant death.

Crop management should minimise root disturbance, and weed control should be via slashing or contact herbicides.

Structure and Functioning of Cluster Roots and Plant Responses to Phosphate Deficiency.

Root structure and functioning for efficient acquisition of phosphorus: matching morphological and physiological traits.