In 1404 the Carraresi territories, including Feltre and Belluno, were conquered by the Republic of Venice, becoming part of the Venetian Domini di Terraferma.

This state of affairs only lasted until 1805 however, as Austria (the Austrian Empire since 1804) ceded the Venetian Province to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in the Treaty of Pressburg.

In 1923 Cortina d'Ampezzo, Colle Santa Lucia and Livinallongo del Col di Lana were detached from this territory and added to Belluno.

In 1943, when the Italian government signed an armistice with the Allies, the province was occupied by Nazi Germany, which reorganised it (along with the region of Trentino-Südtirol) as the Operation Zone of the Alpine Foothills and put it under the administration of Gauleiter Franz Hofer.

Until recently, the province's economy was based on poor mountain agriculture, now less important, with the exception of the cultivation of beans in the Lamon highlands and the production of Piave cheese in the Dolomites valleys.

Today, Belluno has one of the most important industrial sectors of northern Italy, the production of eyeglasses (Luxottica originally had its headquarters in Agordo, for example).

In the province, language minorities are present and recognized by law: The top ten countries of origin of the inhabitants of Belluno with foreign citizenship at December 31, 2018 were:[2] There are 60 comuni (sg.